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In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. [1] It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside.
The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation. Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II (PSII), plastiquinone, and cytochrome b 6 f complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient. For each four photons absorbed by PSII, eight protons are ...
An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red). Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from a region of high proton concentration to a region of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to ...
The protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS by these respiratory complexes. As a result, an electrochemical gradient is generated, which is combined by forces due to a H + gradient (pH gradient) and a voltage gradient (membrane potential). The pH in the IMS is about 0.7 unit lower than the one in the matrix and the membrane ...
Voltage-gated proton channels are ion channels that have the unique property of opening with depolarization, but in a strongly pH-sensitive manner. [1] The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells .
The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the protein ATP synthase. The energy is used in order to rotate ATP synthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference between the matrix and intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient by which ATP synthase can pass a proton into the matrix ...
H+-ATPase energizes nutrient uptake by establishing an electrochemical proton gradient that will drive secondary active transport. H+-ATPase uses the energy of ATP to pump H+ protons out of the cytoplasm of the cell. [13] This creates and maintains an electrochemical gradient of H+ from outside the cell to inside the cell.
The open conformation of the ion channel allows for the translocation of ions across the cell membrane, while the closed conformation does not. Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in a cell's electrical membrane potential near the channel. The membrane potential ...