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Multicast addressing can be used in the link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model), such as Ethernet multicast, and at the internet layer (layer 3 for OSI) for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) or Version 6 (IPv6) multicast.
Key concepts in IP multicast include an IP multicast group address, [2] a multicast distribution tree and receiver-driven tree creation. [3] An IP multicast group address is used by sources and receivers to send and receive multicast messages. Sources use the group address as the IP destination address in their data packets.
In computer networking, multicast is a type of group communication where data transmission is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously. [1] Multicast can be one-to-many or many-to-many distribution. [2] [3] Multicast differs from physical layer point-to-multipoint communication.
Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic (BUM traffic) [1] is network traffic transmitted using one of three methods of sending data link layer network traffic to a destination of which the sender does not know the network address. This is achieved by sending the network traffic to multiple destinations on an Ethernet network. [2]
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is then used between the local and remote multicast routers to direct multicast traffic from hosts sending multicasts to hosts that have registered through IGMP to receive them. IGMP operates on the network layer (layer 3), just the same as other network management protocols like ICMP. [1]
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, translates layer-2 addresses to layer-3 addresses. However, in InARP the requesting station queries the layer-3 address of another node, whereas RARP is used to obtain the layer-3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes.
[2] [3] PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) implicitly builds shortest-path trees by flooding multicast traffic domain wide, and then pruning back branches of the tree where no receivers are present. PIM-DM is straightforward to implement but generally has poor scaling properties. The first multicast routing protocol, DVMRP used dense-mode multicast ...
OSPF is a layer 3 protocol. If a layer 2 switch is between the two devices running OSPF, one side may negotiate a speed different from the other side. This can create an asymmetric routing on the link (Router 1 to Router 2 could cost '1' and the return path could cost '10'), which may lead to unintended consequences.