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where μ is the reduced mass, a is the radius of the quantum dot, m e is the free electron mass, m h is the hole mass, and ε r is the size-dependent dielectric constant. Although the above equations were derived using simplifying assumptions, they imply that the electronic transitions of the quantum dots will depend on their size.
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles with a size less than 10 nm. [1] [2] They exhibited size-dependent properties especially in the optical absorption and the photoluminescence (PL).
Typically, the size of the silicon quantum dots is defined by controlling material synthesis. For example, silicon quantum dot size can be controlled by the reaction temperature during thermal disproportionation of silsesquioxanes. [1] Similarly, the plasma residence time in non-thermal plasma methods is a key factor. [2]
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Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are graphene nanoparticles with a size less than 100 nm. Due to their exceptional properties such as low toxicity, stable photoluminescence , chemical stability and pronounced quantum confinement effect, GQDs are considered as a novel material for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.
Quantum dots are popular alternatives to organic dyes as fluorescent labels for biological imaging and sensing due to their small size, tuneable emission, and photostability. The luminescent properties of quantum dots arise from exciton decay (recombination of electron hole pairs) which can proceed through a radiative or nonradiative pathway.
Due to their small size, quantum dots do not showcase the bulk properties of the specified semi-conductor but rather show quantised energy states. [20] This effect is known as the quantum confinement and has led to numerous applications of quantum dots such as the quantum well laser. [20]
Carbon quantum dots also commonly called carbon nano dots or simply carbon dots (abbreviated as CQDs, C-dots or CDs) are carbon nanoparticles which are less than 10 nm in size and have some form of surface passivation. [1] [2] [3]
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