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Personal data, also known as personal information or personally identifiable information (PII), [1] [2] [3] is any information related to an identifiable person. The abbreviation PII is widely used in the United States , but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal or personally , and identifiable or identifying .
In the U.S., PII is gathered through processes like tax filing, property registration, and driver's license applications. [6] The government also collects PII for crime prevention and national security purposes, though such practices, especially by the National Security Agency (NSA), remain controversial.
Personal Identifiers (PID) are a subset of personally identifiable information (PII) data elements, which identify an individual and can permit another person to "assume" that individual's identity without their knowledge or consent. [1] PIIs include direct identifiers (name, social security number) and indirect identifiers (race, ethnicity ...
According to the EU directive, personal data may only be transferred to third countries if that country provides an adequate level of protection. Some exceptions to this rule are provided, for instance when the controller themself can guarantee that the recipient will comply with the data protection rules.
An encyclopaedic review of PIM literature suggests that all six senses of personal information listed above and the tools and technologies used to work with such information (from email applications and word processors to personal information managers and virtual assistants) combine to form a personal space of information (PSI, pronounced as in the Greek letter, alternately referred to as a ...
Data are "personal data" when someone is able to link the information to a person, even if the person holding the data cannot make this link. Some examples of "personal data" are: address, credit card number , bank statements, criminal record, etc.
When data is collected, data subjects must be clearly informed about the extent of data collection, the legal basis for the processing of personal data, how long data is retained, if data is being transferred to a third-party and/or outside the EU, and any automated decision-making that is made on a solely algorithmic basis.
The PDPA establishes a data protection law that comprises various rules governing the collection, use, disclosure and care of personal data. Access to personal data is laid out as part of Part IV, chapter 21 which states that on request of an individual, an organization shall, as soon as reasonably possible, provide the individual with: [9]