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Acidic paper is paper which was manufactured using acidic substances. [1] Widely used since the mid-nineteenth century, its pages become yellow within years, extremely brittle over decades, and eventually unreadable in the library and archive collections intended to preserve them. [2] This process has been called "slow fire".
The company Hercules Incorporated developed the first alkaline sizing in the 1950s that made acid-free paper possible. [10] Despite the advances in paper making and the identification of and concern around the brittle book problem, it took decades before the adoption of ANSI NISO Standard Z39.48-1984 - Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries in 1984.
Paper chemicals designate a group of chemicals that are used for paper manufacturing, or modify the properties of paper. These chemicals can be used to alter the paper in many ways, including changing its color and brightness, or by increasing its strength and resistance to water. [1] The chemicals can be defined on basis of their usage in the ...
Mass deacidification is a term used in library and information science as one possible measure against the degradation of paper in old books, the so-called "slow fires".The goal of the process is to increase the pH of acidic paper.
In such cases, the system can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base and water, which is an amphoteric substance. By accounting for the self-ionization of water, the true pH of the solution can be calculated. For example, a 5 × 10 −8 M solution of HCl would have a pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and water. The self ...
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from lichens. It is often absorbed onto filter paper to produce one of the oldest forms of pH indicator, used to test materials for acidity. In an acidic medium, blue litmus paper turns red, while in a basic or alkaline medium, red litmus paper turns blue. In short, it is a dye and ...
A correction fluid (or correction liquid) is an opaque, usually white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. Once dried, it can be handwritten or handdrawn upon. It is typically packaged in small bottles, with lids attached to brushes (or triangular pieces of foam) that dip into the fluid. The brush applies the fluid to the paper.
The surface chemical composition is differentiated by the adsorption of acrylic acid or an anionic surfactant, both of which are used for stabilization of the dispersion in water. [4] Co-binders, or thickeners, are generally water-soluble polymers that influence the paper's color viscosity, water retention, sizing, and gloss.