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Dip is defined as the angle of the fault relative to the surface of the earth, which indicates the plane on which slip will occur. Lastly, in any non-vertical fault, the block above the fault is called the hanging wall, while the blockbelow the fault is called the footwall. [4] Normal and reverse dip-slip faults with labeled hanging wall and ...
The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from coal mining in England, where normal faults are the most common. [ 20 ] With the passage of time, a regional reversal between tensional and compressional stresses (or vice-versa) might occur, and faults may be reactivated with their relative block movement inverted in opposite directions to ...
A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault, in which the rock above the fault is displaced upwards relative to the rock below the fault. This distinguishes reverse faults from normal faults, where the rock above the fault is displaced downwards, or strike-slip faults, where the rock on one side of the fault is displaced horizontally with respect ...
A detachment fault is a gently dipping normal fault associated with large-scale extensional tectonics. [1] Detachment faults often have very large displacements (tens of km) and juxtapose unmetamorphosed hanging walls against medium to high-grade metamorphic footwalls that are called metamorphic core complexes .
It is impossible to determine solely from a focal mechanism which of the nodal planes is the fault plane. Other geological or geophysical evidence is needed to remove the ambiguity. The slip vector, the direction of motion of one side of the fault relative to the other, lies within the fault plane, 90 degrees from the N-axis.
They are normal fault, reverse fault (thrust fault) and strike-slip fault. These different faulting behaviours accommodate the displacement in distinct structural ways. The differences in faulting motions might favour or disfavour certain permeability altering mechanisms to occur. [1]
Fault propagation folds or tip-line folds are caused when displacement occurs on an existing fault without further propagation. In both reverse and normal faults this leads to folding of the overlying sequence, often in the form of a monocline. [13]
Rocks above the detachment fault form normal faults and, at the same time, shear in a "layer-parallel" motion. [11] This action creates a series of fault blocks, which are progressively tilted as the detachment fault progresses. [5] The fracturing of the fault blocks can occur in a similar time frame or develop progressively. [12]