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Another macroscopic consequence of microscopic reversibility is the symmetry of kinetic coefficients, the so-called reciprocal relations. The reciprocal relations were discovered in the 19th century by Thomson and Helmholtz for some phenomena but the general theory was proposed by Lars Onsager in 1931. [ 6 ]
A RDF can have irreversible connections, yet, it generates an on-off trajectory that has the property of microscopic reversibility, meaning that the physical system fluctuates around equilibrium. Two-state trajectories
The conservation of mass is expressed locally by the fact that the flow of mass density satisfies the continuity equation: + =, where is the mass flux vector. The formulation of energy conservation is generally not in the form of a continuity equation because it includes contributions both from the macroscopic mechanical energy of the fluid flow and of the microscopic internal energy.
A Markov process is called a reversible Markov process or reversible Markov chain if there exists a positive stationary distribution π that satisfies the detailed balance equations [13] =, where P ij is the Markov transition probability from state i to state j, i.e. P ij = P(X t = j | X t − 1 = i), and π i and π j are the equilibrium probabilities of being in states i and j, respectively ...
Based on the principle of microscopic reversibility, the inert nature of the neopentyl halides towards the S N 2 reaction indicates that an S N 2 reaction is unlikely to be the mechanism for the synthesis of the neopentyl halides in this reaction.
A kinase Y and a phosphatase X that act on a protein Z; one possible application for the Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics. The Goldbeter–Koshland kinetics [1] [2] describe a steady-state solution for a 2-state biological system.
A master equation is a phenomenological set of first-order differential equations describing the time evolution of (usually) the probability of a system to occupy each one of a discrete set of states with regard to a continuous time variable t.
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