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Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, [1] and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
All four elements tend to form primarily ionic compounds with metals, [136] in contrast to the remaining nonmetals (except for oxygen) which tend to form primarily covalent compounds with metals. [x] The highly reactive and strongly electronegative nature of the halogen nonmetals epitomizes nonmetallic character. [140]
An unusual ion containing xenon is the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, AuXe 2+ 4, which contains Xe–Au bonds. This ion occurs in the compound AuXe 4 (Sb 2 F 11) 2, and is remarkable in having direct chemical bonds between two notoriously unreactive atoms, xenon and gold, with xenon acting as a transition metal ligand. The compound Xe 2 Sb 2 F
In ionic compounds there arise characteristic distances between ion neighbours from which the spatial extension and the ionic radius of individual ions may be derived. The most common type of ionic bonding is seen in compounds of metals and nonmetals (except noble gases , which rarely form chemical compounds).
In modern usage, this is typically only used for ionic bonds, but it is sometimes (and more frequently in the past) been applied to all compounds containing covalently bound H atoms. In this broad and potentially archaic sense, water (H 2 O) is a hydride of oxygen , ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen , etc.
Covalent bonding of two hydrogen atoms to form a hydrogen molecule, H 2. In (a) the two nuclei are surrounded by a cloud of two electrons in the bonding orbital that holds the molecule together. (b) shows hydrogen's antibonding orbital, which is higher in energy and is normally not occupied by any electrons.
The term molecule may or may not be used to refer to a polyatomic ion, depending on the definition used. The prefix poly-carries the meaning "many" in Greek, but even ions of two atoms are commonly described as polyatomic. [2] In older literature, a polyatomic ion may instead be referred to as a radical (or less commonly, as a radical group).
Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of a continuous three-dimensional network, usually in a crystalline structure. Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide (OH −) or oxide (O 2−) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds ...