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A form of what is now called general average was included in the Lex Rhodia, the Rhodes Maritime Code of c. 800 BC. [4] Julius Paulus quoted from the law around the turn of the 3rd century, and these quotes are preserved, and an excerpt is included in Justinian's 6th-century Digest of Justinian (part of the Corpus Juris Civilis), although the Lex Rhodia is itself now lost.
The reduced heterogeneity in sea floor landscape introduced by breakwaters can lead to reduced species abundance and diversity in the surrounding ecosystems. [6] As a result of the reduced heterogeneity and decreased depths that breakwaters produce due to sediment build up, the UV exposure and temperature in surrounding waters increase, which ...
Towage may refer to: Towing, or a charge or fee associated with it; Tugboat, a boat that maneuvers larger boats ... Statistics; Cookie statement; Mobile view ...
These data are compared to the reference (or datum) level usually called mean sea level. [3] While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations, sea levels are also subject to change from thermal expansion, wind, and barometric pressure changes, resulting in storm surges, especially in shallow seas and near coasts.
The 1-2-3 rule (mariners' 1-2-3 rule or danger area) is a guideline commonly taught to mariners for severe storm (specifically hurricane and tropical storm) tracking and prediction. It refers to the rounded long-term National Hurricane Center forecast errors of 100-200-300 nautical miles at 24-48-72 hours, respectively.
Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium ( Na +
Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air or ground, [1] but significantly slower for longer distances.
During August 1996, Costain Group's Merseyside based Land & Marine business was purchased for £11.3 million. [6] On 29 March 2007, the firm purchased Adsteam’s Liverpool-based towage operation. [7] [8] Smit International has been involved in the removal of hazardous substances, such as bunker fuel, from wrecks. [3]