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Sleep spindles, marked by spindle-like changes in the amplitude of 12–14 Hz oscillations, K complexes lasting at least 0.5 seconds, consisting of a distinct negative sharp wave followed by a positive component, and slow waves or delta waves characterized by slow frequency (< 2 Hz) and high amplitude (> 75 μV) are key indicators. [21]
Stage 2 is characterized by sleep spindles (intermittent clusters of waves at sigma frequency i.e. 12–14 Hz) and K complexes (sharp upward deflection followed by slower downward deflection). Stage 3 sleep has more sleep spindles. [24] [25] [26] Stage 3 has very high amplitude delta waves (0–4 Hz) and is known as slow wave sleep. [27]
Other frequency bands are: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), low gamma (30–70 Hz), [15] and high gamma (70–150 Hz) frequency bands. Faster rhythms such as gamma activity have been linked to cognitive processing. Indeed, EEG signals change dramatically during sleep.
Traditional classification of the frequency bands, that are associated to different functions/states of the brain and consist of delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands. . Due to the limited capabilities of the early experimental/medical setup to record fast frequencies, for historical reason, all oscillations above 30 Hz were considered as high frequency and were difficult to investigate.
A gamma wave or gamma rhythm is a pattern of neural oscillation in humans with a frequency between 30 and 100 Hz, the 40 Hz point being of particular interest. [1] Gamma waves with frequencies between 30 and 70 hertz may be classified as low gamma , and those between 70 and 150 hertz as high gamma .
This chronotype prefers to go to bed at around 11 p.m., according to the Sleep Foundation report. Bears account for around 55% of individuals. Wolf chronotypes are similar to "night owls."