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In modern use on most architectures these are much rarer than segmentation faults, which occur primarily due to memory access violations: problems in the logical address or permissions. On POSIX-compliant platforms, bus errors usually
Segmentation faults can also occur independently of page faults: illegal access to a valid page is a segmentation fault, but not an invalid page fault, and segmentation faults can occur in the middle of a page (hence no page fault), for example in a buffer overflow that stays within a page but illegally overwrites memory.
Illegal accesses and invalid page faults can result in a segmentation fault or bus error, resulting in an app or OS crash. Software bugs are often the causes of these problems, but hardware memory errors, such as those caused by overclocking, may corrupt pointers and cause valid code to fail.
When segmentation is enabled by turning on protected mode, the segment number acts as an index into a table of segment descriptors; a segment descriptor contains a base physical address, a segment length, a presence bit to indicate whether the segment is currently in memory, permission bits, and control bits, If the offset in the segment is ...
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Program vs. Process vs. Thread Scheduling, Preemption, Context Switching. In computing, a process is the instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or many threads.
Dealing with larger addresses and more memory was thus comparably slower, as that capability was somewhat grafted-on in the Intel 8086. Memory segmentation could keep programs compatible, relocatable in memory, and by confining significant parts of a program's operation to 64 KB segments, the program could still run faster.
A general protection fault (GPF) in the x86 instruction set architectures (ISAs) is a fault (a type of interrupt) initiated by ISA-defined protection mechanisms in response to an access violation caused by some running code, either in the kernel or a user program.