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It is also an SI derived unit of molar thermodynamic energy defined as the energy equal to one joule in one mole of substance. [1] [2] For example, the Gibbs free energy of a compound in the area of thermochemistry is often quantified in units of kilojoules per mole (symbol: kJ·mol −1 or kJ/mol), with 1 kilojoule = 1000 joules. [3]
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms.
The hartree (symbol: E h), also known as the Hartree energy, is the unit of energy in the atomic units system, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. Its CODATA recommended value is E h = 4.359 744 722 2060 (48) × 10 −18 J [ 1 ] = 27.211 386 245 981 (30) eV .
1.0 gram of TNT (4.2 kJ) oil-based units: gigatonne of oil equivalent: Gtoe Gtoe 1.0 ... Hartree: Eh (Hartree) E h: 1.0 ...
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera). [13]
It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid. For elemental metals, it is also equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of the gaseous metal atoms. [1] The heat of sublimation is usually expressed in kJ/mol, although the less customary kJ/kg is also encountered.
Hartree defined units based on three physical constants: [1]: 91 Both in order to eliminate various universal constants from the equations and also to avoid high powers of 10 in numerical work, it is convenient to express quantities in terms of units, which may be called 'atomic units', defined as follows: