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The term echolocation was coined by 1944 by the American zoologist Donald Griffin, who, with Robert Galambos, first demonstrated the phenomenon in bats. [1] [2] As Griffin described in his book, [3] the 18th century Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani had, by means of a series of elaborate experiments, concluded that when bats fly at night, they rely on some sense besides vision, but he did ...
Animal navigation is the ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments. Birds such as the Arctic tern , insects such as the monarch butterfly and fish such as the salmon regularly migrate thousands of miles to and from their breeding grounds, [ 1 ] and many other species navigate effectively over shorter ...
Legged locomotion is the dominant form of terrestrial locomotion, the movement on land. The motion of limbs is quantified by the kinematics of the limb itself (intralimb kinematics) and the coordination between limbs (interlimb kinematics). [1] [2] Figure 1. Classifying stance and swing transitions of the front right (red) and left (blue) legs ...
Animal echolocation, non-human animals emitting sound waves and listening to the echo in order to locate objects or navigate. Human echolocation , the use of sound by people to navigate. Sonar ( so und n avigation a nd r anging), the use of sound on water or underwater, to navigate or to locate other watercraft, usually by submarines.
Animal echolocation, animals emitting sound and listening to the echo in order to locate objects or navigate; Echo sounding, listening to the echo of sound pulses to measure the distance to the bottom of the sea, a special case of sonar; Gunfire locator; Human echolocation, the use of echolocation by blind people; Human bycatch
Smaller animals like insects use different techniques as the separation of the ears are too small. [27] For the process of animals emitting sound to improve localization, a biological form of active sonar , see animal echolocation .
A model was used to test the viability of a handwings-only glider and found it ineffective as an actual gliding animal. [ 12 ] A) Bat wing B) Bat hind foot C) Fore foot or wings of Archaeopteryx D) Fore foot or wing bones of domestic fowl. 1= Humerus, 2= Radius, 3= Ulna, 4= Carpals, 4/5= Carpometacarpus, 5= Metacarpals, 6= Phalanges, 7= Femur ...
In animals, motion is typically achieved by the use of skeletal muscles, which derive their energy from the metabolism of nutrients from food. [2]: 406 Because these muscles are attached to both of the components that must move relative to each other, they are not capable of directly driving a wheel, and can only do so through a linkage. In ...