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It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is packaged into secretory vesicles, and where it is processed by a series of proteases to form mature insulin. Mature insulin has 35 fewer amino acids; 4 are removed altogether, and the remaining 31 form the C-peptide. The C-peptide is abstracted from the center of the proinsulin sequence ...
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma ( million years ago ) to 5.333 Ma.
Protein quaternary structure describes the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex. It includes organizations from simple dimers to large homooligomers and complexes with defined or variable numbers of subunits. [1] In contrast to the first three levels of protein structure, not all proteins will ...
Attachment of lipid molecules, known as lipidation, often targets a protein or part of a protein attached to the cell membrane. Other forms of post-translational modification consist of cleaving peptide bonds, as in processing a propeptide to a mature form or removing the initiator methionine residue.
Insulin is secreted as a response mechanism for counteracting the increasing excess amounts of glucose in the blood. Glucose in the body increases after food consumption. This is primarily due to carbohydrate intake, but to a much lesser degree protein intake ()(). Depending on the tissue type, the glucose enters the cell through facilitated ...
Due to alternative splicing, The human protein Insulin-degrading Enzyme has two isoforms. Isoform1 is ~118 kDa in size and composed of 1019 amino acids while the isoform 2 is ~54.2 kDa [7] size and composed of 464 amino acids (missing 1-555 amino acids). The calculated theoretical pI of this protein isoform is 6.26. [8]
Is a high-affinity isoform, allowing it to transport even in times of low glucose concentrations. GLUT4: Expressed in adipose tissues and striated muscle (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle). Is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter. Responsible for insulin-regulated glucose storage. GLUT14: Expressed in testes: similarity to GLUT3 [12]
The first evidence for this glucose transport protein was provided by David James in 1988. [6] The gene that encodes GLUT4 was cloned [7] [8] and mapped in 1989. [9] At the cell surface, GLUT4 permits the facilitated diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient into muscle and fat cells.