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Thelma Glass (May 16, 1916 – July 24, 2012) was an American civil rights activist, noted for helping to organize the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955, and a professor of geography at Alabama State University. [1] She was also an advocate for geography education in Black educational systems. [2]
Before the bus boycott, Jim Crow laws mandated the racial segregation of the Montgomery Bus Line. As a result of this segregation, African Americans were not hired as drivers, were forced to ride in the back of the bus, and were frequently ordered to surrender their seats to white people even though black passengers made up 75% of the bus system's riders. [2]
Graetz, of German descent, was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and educated in Columbus, Ohio. [2] His father was an engineer with the Libbey-Owens-Ford Co. [3] At Capital University in Bexley, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1950, [4] he started a "campus race relations club"; Walter White, the leader of the NAACP, was one of the club's speakers.
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was an organization formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama.Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott by setting up the car pool system that would sustain the boycott, negotiating settlements with ...
Prior to the boycott, the organizers asked the United Federation of Teachers Executive Board to join the boycott or ask teachers to join the picket lines. The union declined, promising only to protect from reprisals any teachers who participated. More than 400,000 New Yorkers participated in a one-day February 3, 1964, boycott.
Rev. Graetz was reassigned to a church in Ohio in 1958. [10] The Graetzes returned to Montgomery in 1965 to join the march from Selma with Martin Luther King Jr. Jean Graetz and her husband remained active for political causes, including their first of several arrests in 2000 for blocking a parking garage during a gay rights protest in ...
Pages in category "Montgomery bus boycott" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
With the support of most of Montgomery's 50,000 African Americans, the boycott lasted for 381 days, until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed. Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue significantly, as they comprised the majority of ...