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  2. Bond length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_length

    It is generally considered the average length for a carbon–carbon single bond, but is also the largest bond length that exists for ordinary carbon covalent bonds. Since one atomic unit of length (i.e., a Bohr radius) is 52.9177 pm, the C–C bond length is 2.91 atomic units, or approximately three Bohr radii long.

  3. Bond valence method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_valence_method

    The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with ...

  4. Orders of magnitude (length) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(length)

    13 cm = 1.3 dm – body length of a Goliath birdeater; 15 cm = 1.5 dm – approximate size of largest beetle species; 19 cm = 1.9 dm – length of a banana; 26.3 cm = 2.6 dm – length of average male human foot; 29.98 cm = 2.998 dm – distance light in vacuum travels in one nanosecond; 30 cm = 3.0 dm – maximum leg length of a Goliath birdeater

  5. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    β = 0.008 for ΔE = 1000 cm −1; β = 0.0007 for ΔE = 1500 cm −1. (The reciprocal centimeter is an energy unit that is commonly used in infrared spectroscopy; 1 cm −1 corresponds to 1.239 84 × 10 −4 eV). When an excitation energy is 500 cm −1, then about 8.9 percent of the molecules are thermally

  6. Bond order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_order

    In benzene, the delocalized molecular orbitals contain 6 pi electrons over six carbons, essentially yielding half a pi bond together with the sigma bond for each pair of carbon atoms, giving a calculated bond order of 1.5 (one and a half bond). Furthermore, bond orders of 1.1 (eleven tenths bond), 4/3 (or 1.333333..., four thirds bond) or 0.5 ...

  7. Covalent radius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_radius

    The covalent radius, r cov, is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond. It is usually measured either in picometres (pm) or angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm. In principle, the sum of the two covalent radii should equal the covalent bond length between two atoms, R (AB) = r (A) + r (B).

  8. AOL Mail - AOL Help

    help.aol.com/products/aol-webmail

    Get answers to your AOL Mail, login, Desktop Gold, AOL app, password and subscription questions. Find the support options to contact customer care by email, chat, or phone number.

  9. Oxidation state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_state

    The −1 occurs because each carbon is bonded to one hydrogen atom (a less electronegative element), and the − ⁠ 1 / 5 ⁠ because the total ionic charge of −1 is divided among five equivalent carbons. Again this can be described as a resonance hybrid of five equivalent structures, each having four carbons with oxidation state −1 and ...