Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
In null-hypothesis significance testing, the p-value [note 1] is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the result actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct. [2] [3] A very small p-value means that such an extreme observed outcome would be very unlikely under the null hypothesis.
The p-value is not the probability that the observed effects were produced by random chance alone. [2] The p-value is computed under the assumption that a certain model, usually the null hypothesis, is true. This means that the p-value is a statement about the relation of the data to that hypothesis. [2]
To determine whether a result is statistically significant, a researcher calculates a p-value, which is the probability of observing an effect of the same magnitude or more extreme given that the null hypothesis is true. [5] [12] The null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than (or equal to) a predetermined level, .
Choi et al. [21] propose a p-value derived from the likelihood ratio test based on the conditional distribution of the odds ratio given the marginal success rate. This p -value is inferentially consistent with classical tests of normally distributed data as well as with likelihood ratios and support intervals based on this conditional ...
In statistics, a generalized p-value is an extended version of the classical p-value, which except in a limited number of applications, provides only approximate solutions. Conventional statistical methods do not provide exact solutions to many statistical problems, such as those arising in mixed models and MANOVA , especially when the problem ...
Under Fisher's method, two small p-values P 1 and P 2 combine to form a smaller p-value.The darkest boundary defines the region where the meta-analysis p-value is below 0.05.. For example, if both p-values are around 0.10, or if one is around 0.04 and one is around 0.25, the meta-analysis p-value is around 0
The weighted harmonic mean of p-values , …, is defined as = = = /, where , …, are weights that must sum to one, i.e. = =.Equal weights may be chosen, in which case = /.. In general, interpreting the HMP directly as a p-value is anti-conservative, meaning that the false positive rate is higher than expected.
The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified ...