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The posterior scalene, (Latin: scalenus posterior) is the smallest and most deeply seated of the scalene muscles. It arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebrae, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind ...
The bone or other structure the muscle is attached to that remains immobile during the action. The term "bone" is omitted from bone names. Insertion The attachment point of the muscle, on a bone or otherwise, that moves during the action. Artery The artery which supplies the muscle with blood. The term "artery" is included to avoid confusing ...
The spinal accessory nerve crosses laterally in the middle part of the muscle and the dorsal scapular nerve may lie deep to or pass through it. [4] The levator scapulae may lie deep to the sternocleidomastoid at its origin, deep or adjacent to the splenius capitis at its origin and mid-portion, and deep to the trapezius in its lower portion.
The long thoracic nerve arises from the anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C5, C6, and C7. [1] [2] [3] The root from C7 may occasionally be absent. [4]The roots from C5 and C6 pierce through the scalenus medius, while the C7 root passes in front of the muscle.
The scalene tubercle is a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves, which travel anteriorly for the subclavian artery and posteriorly for the subclavian vein. It projects outward medially, and is the site of insertion for scalenus anterior. [1] [2]
The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid , mylohyoid , and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).
An accessory muscle can also refer to a muscle that is not primarily responsible for movement but does provide assistance. [1] Examples of such muscles are the accessory muscles of respiration where the sternocleidomastoid and the scalene muscles (anterior, middle and posterior scalene) are typically considered accessory muscles of respiration. [6]
The patient would be unable to pull their shoulder back, as when standing at attention. Isolated dorsal scapular nerve injury is uncommon, but case reports usually involve injury to the scalene muscles. [5] The dorsal scapular nerve is typically not anaesthetised during a supraclavicular nerve block. [6] This can cause pain after some surgeries ...