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Ali played a pivotal role during the formative years of Islam and is recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) in Sunni Islam and the first imam in Shia Islam. Perhaps the most controversial such verse is 5:55, also known as the verse of walaya, which gave Ali the same spiritual authority as Muhammad, according to the Shia.
The Mushaf of Ali is a codex of the Quran (a mushaf) that was collected by one of its first scribes, Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661), the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the first Shia imam.
Ali's body was washed by his sons, Hasan, Husayn, and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, and one of his nephews, Abdullah ibn Ja'far. [34] Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali was then buried secretly, [28] which may also explain the discrepancies in the sources about his burial site. [32]
In a story on morals at the end of the millennium in December 1999, the German news magazine Der Spiegel printed on the same page pictures of “moral apostles” Muhammad, Jesus, Confucius, and Immanuel Kant. In the subsequent weeks, the magazine received protests, petitions and threats against publishing the picture of Muhammad.
Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army.
[23] [24] Ali thus opposed the caliphate of Abu Bakr, who was hastily elected in the absence of Ali and the rest of Muhammad's kin. [25] Perhaps in the interest of the Muslim unity, [ 22 ] [ 26 ] Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs, [ 27 ] but without giving up his claims as the designated successor of Muhammad ...
In Shia theology, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad. Ali is thus viewed, after Muhammad, as the sole authoritative source of (esoteric) guidance and the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Shia Muslims also believe that Ali, as with Muhammad, was divinely protected from sins.
During the mourning of Muharram, spontaneous slogans of Ya Hussain, Ya Ali, and Ya Rasul Allah (Arabic: يَا رَسُولُ الله "O Messenger of God") are common. On such occasions, the slogans demonstrate support. [5]