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Second normal form (2NF), in database normalization, is a normal form. A relation is in the second normal form if it fulfills the following two requirements: A relation is in the second normal form if it fulfills the following two requirements:
The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (first normal form) were stated by Codd as: To free the collection of relations from undesirable insertion, update and deletion dependencies. To reduce the need for restructuring the collection of relations, as new types of data are introduced, and thus increase the life span of application programs.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game site warns against over-generalizing from benchmark data, but contains a large number of micro-benchmarks of reader-contributed code snippets, with an interface that generates various charts and tables comparing specific programming languages and types of tests.
This comparison of programming languages compares how object-oriented programming languages such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Object Pascal, Perl, Python, and others manipulate data structures. Object construction and destruction
In addition the types size_t and ptrdiff_t are defined in relation to the address size to hold unsigned and signed integers sufficiently large to handle array indices and the difference between pointers. ^d Perl 5 does not have distinct types. Integers, floating point numbers, strings, etc. are all considered "scalars".
Denormalization is a strategy used on a previously-normalized database to increase performance. In computing, denormalization is the process of trying to improve the read performance of a database, at the expense of losing some write performance, by adding redundant copies of data or by grouping data.
Statement separator – demarcates the boundary between two statements; need needed for the last statement; Line continuation – escapes a newline to continue a statement on the next line; Some languages define a special character as a terminator while some, called line-oriented, rely on the newline.
every element of Y \ X, the set difference between Y and X, is a prime attribute (i.e., each attribute in Y \ X is contained in some candidate key). To rephrase Zaniolo's definition more simply, the relation is in 3NF if and only if for every non-trivial functional dependency X → Y, X is a superkey or Y \ X consists of prime attributes.