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In astrophysics, the term "cosmography" is beginning to be used to describe attempts to determine the large-scale matter distribution and kinematics of the observable universe, dependent on the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric but independent of the temporal dependence of the scale factor on the matter/energy composition of the Universe.
c. 16th century BCE – Mesopotamian cosmology has a flat, circular Earth enclosed in a cosmic ocean. [1]c. 15th–11th century BCE – The Rigveda of Hinduism has some cosmological hymns, particularly in the late book 10, notably the Nasadiya Sukta which describes the origin of the universe, originating from the monistic Hiranyagarbha or "Golden Egg".
The earliest "modern" Population I stars are formed in this period. Present time: 13.8 Ga 0 2.7 K Farthest observable photons at this moment are CMB photons. They arrive from a sphere with a radius of 46 billion light-years. The spherical volume inside it is commonly referred to as the observable universe.
The comoving distance from Earth to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.26 gigaparsecs (46.5 billion light-years or 4.40 × 10 26 m) in any direction. The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter of about 28.5 gigaparsecs [27] (93 billion light-years or 8.8 × 10 26 m). [28]
The spatial region from which we can receive light is called the observable universe. The proper distance (measured at a fixed time) between Earth and the edge of the observable universe is 46 billion light-years [49] [50] (14 billion parsecs), making the diameter of the observable universe about 93 billion light-years (28 billion parsecs). [49]
Here's how faint dwarf galaxies, revealed by JWST, sparked the reionization epoch and ended the universe's dark ages with their powerful radiation. Astronomers Found the Ancient Light Source That ...
The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) was completed in September 2012 and shows the farthest galaxies ever photographed at that time. Except for the few stars in the foreground (which are bright and easily recognizable because only they have diffraction spikes), every speck of light in the photo is an individual galaxy, some of them as old as 13.2 billion years; the observable universe is ...
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future; Chronology of the universe; Timeline of the universe