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This specialized type of forest performs union and find operations in near-constant amortized time. For a sequence of m addition, union, or find operations on a disjoint-set forest with n nodes, the total time required is O(mα(n)), where α(n) is the extremely slow-growing inverse Ackermann function. Although disjoint-set forests do not ...
Union-find essentially stores labels which correspond to the same blob in a disjoint-set data structure, making it easy to remember the equivalence of two labels by the use of an interface method E.g.: findSet(l). findSet(l) returns the minimum label value that is equivalent to the function argument 'l'.
It uses the MakeSet, Find, and Union functions of a disjoint-set data structure. MakeSet(u) removes u to a singleton set, Find(u) returns the standard representative of the set containing u, and Union(u,v) merges the set containing u with the set containing v. TarjanOLCA(r) is first called on the root r.
The final iteration through all edges performs two find operations and possibly one union operation per edge. These operations take amortized time O(α(V)) time per operation, giving worst-case total time O(E α(V)) for this loop, where α is the extremely slowly growing inverse Ackermann function. This part of the time bound is much smaller ...
This algorithm is used to represent disjoint sets. Calling the function union(x,y) places items x and y into the same set. A second function find(x) returns a representative member of the set to which x belongs. The representative member of the set containing x is the label we will apply to the cluster to which x belongs.
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As the center of the blue window, with real height > and real width >, moves over the graph of () = in the direction of =, there comes a point at which the graph of penetrates the (interior of the) top and/or bottom of that window.
The primary advantage of a tagged union over an untagged union is that all accesses are safe, and the compiler can even check that all cases are handled. Untagged unions depend on program logic to correctly identify the currently active field, which may result in strange behavior and hard-to-find bugs if that logic fails.