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a mineral acid with many industrial uses; commonly used in the laboratory preparation of hydrogen halides Phosphorus pentachloride: one of the most important phosphorus chlorides; a chlorinating reagent. Also used as a dehydrating agent for oximes which turn them into nitriles. Phosphorus tribromide: used for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl ...
The chloroform molecule can be viewed as a methane molecule with three hydrogen atoms replaced with three chlorine atoms, leaving a single hydrogen atom. The name "chloroform" is a portmanteau of terchloride (tertiary chloride, a trichloride) and formyle, an obsolete name for the methylylidene radical (CH) derived from formic acid. [citation ...
Another earlier process to produce chlorine was to heat brine with acid and manganese dioxide. 2 NaCl + 2H 2 SO 4 + MnO 2 → Na 2 SO 4 + MnSO 4 + 2 H 2 O + Cl 2. Using this process, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate chlorine in a laboratory. The manganese can be recovered by the Weldon process. [11]
The hypochlorite anion and chlorine are in equilibrium in water; the position of the equilibrium is pH dependent and low pH (acidic) favors chlorine, [11] Cl 2 + H 2 O ⇌ 2H + + Cl − + ClO −. A hypochlorite bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas: H 2 O 2 (aq) + NaOCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g)
Hydrogen can be washed from sulfane, arsine and oxygen with subsequent bubbling through solutions of lead acetate, silver nitrate, and alkaline pyrogallic acid. [ 4 ] Acidic gases (e.g. hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide) can be dried with concentrated sulfuric acid, or with phosphorus pentoxide .
Hydrogen can be produced from water by electrolysis.Electrolysis powered by renewable energy is carbon neutral.The business consortium Hydrogen Council said that, as of December 2023, manufacturers are preparing for a green hydrogen expansion by building out the electrolyzer pipeline by 35 percent to meet the needs of more than 1,400 announced projects.
Oxygenic compounds like water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are temporary poisons. [ 3 ] [ 52 ] Although chemically inert components of the synthesis gas mixture such as noble gases or methane are not strictly poisons, they accumulate through the recycling of the process gases and thus lower the partial pressure of the reactants ...
Pure water has a charge carrier density similar to semiconductors [12] [page needed] since it has a low autoionization, K w = 1.0×10 −14 at room temperature and thus pure water conducts current poorly, 0.055 μS/cm. [13] Unless a large potential is applied to increase the autoionization of water, electrolysis of pure water proceeds slowly ...