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Explicit memory requires gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a stimulus and response. The type of knowledge that is stored in explicit memory is called declarative knowledge. Its counterpart, known as implicit memory, refers to memories acquired and used unconsciously, such as skills (e.g. knowing how to get dressed) or perceptions ...
Both implicit and explicit memory are types of long-term memory, which is defined by the transfer of information from short-term memory into long-term storage in order to create enduring memories.
Numerous theoretical accounts of memory have differentiated memory for facts and memory for context.Psychologist Endel Tulving (1972; 1983) further defined these two declarative memory conceptions of explicit memory (in which information is consciously registered and recalled) into semantic memory wherein general world knowledge not tied to specific events is stored and episodic memory ...
It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved. Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into semantic memory , concerning principles and facts taken independent of context; and episodic memory , concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place.
The idea of separate memories for short- and long-term storage originated in the 19th century. One model of memory developed in the 1960s assumed that all memories are formed in one store and transfer to another store after a small period of time. This model is referred to as the "modal model", most famously detailed by Shiffrin. [1]
Similarly, autobiographical memory is constructive and reconstructed as an evolving process of history. A person's autobiographical memory is fairly reliable, although the reliability of autobiographical memories is questionable because of memory distortions. [38] Autobiographical memories can differ for special periods of life.
The development of memory is a lifelong process that continues through adulthood. Development etymologically refers to a progressive unfolding. Memory development tends to focus on periods of infancy, toddlers, children, and adolescents, yet the developmental progression of memory in adults and older adults is also circumscribed under the umbrella of memory development.
According to the History Channel, the name was first used to describe an 1869 financial crisis, in which corruption and stock fraud caused the U.S. gold market to collapse entirely.