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The Scramble for Africa [a] was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
While the British sought to follow a process of gradual transfer of power and thus independence, the French policy of assimilation faced some resentment, especially in North Africa. [22] The granting of independence in March 1956 to Morocco and Tunisia allowed a concentration on Algeria where there was a long ( 1954–62 ) and bloody armed ...
There were almost no free Herero people after the establishment of the concentration camps; slave labour became part of the colonial economy. The German colony rented slaves to private companies, but some companies were so big that they ran their own concentration camps. Arguably the most brutal camp in Namibia was the one located on Shark ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 February 2025. Colonial expansion in late 19th and early 20th centuries "Neoimperialism" redirects here. For indirect imperialism and colonial practices following decolonization, see Neocolonialism. For broader coverage of this topic, see Imperialism. This article has multiple issues. Please help ...
The Germans were more firmly established than the British in the region. By 1884, the Germans declared the coastal region from the Orange River to the Kunene River a German protectorate, part of German South West Africa. They pursued an aggressive policy of land expansion for white settlements. They exploited rivalry between the Nama and Herero.
There were many kingdoms and empires in all regions of the continent of Africa throughout history. A kingdom is a state with a king or queen as its head. [1] An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant centre and subordinate peripheries".
The 7th to 13th centuries in West Africa were a period of relatively abundant rainfall that saw the explosive growth of trade, particularly across the Sahara desert, and the flourishing of numerous important states. [152] The introduction of the camel to the western Sahel was a watershed moment, allowing more merchandise to move more easily. [103]
The Xhosa Wars (also known as the Cape Frontier Wars or the Kaffir Wars [1]) were a series of nine wars (from 1779 to 1879) between the Xhosa Kingdom and the British Empire as well as Trekboers in what is now the Eastern Cape in South Africa. These events were the longest-running military resistance against European colonialism in Africa. [a] [3]