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The crankshaft drives the camshaft (via a timing belt, timing chain or gears), which in turn actuates the intake and exhaust valves. [1] These valves allow the engine to inhale air (or an air/fuel mixture) and exhale the exhaust gasses. [2] The most common devices to transfer the drive are toothed rubber belts, metal timing chains or a set of ...
The amount in crankshaft by which the valves close after top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lag. Valve overlap is a secondary means to cool exhaust valves with intake air during valve overlap. Primary cooling is accomplished by dissipating heat to the valve seats. [1]
A camshaft operating two valves. A camshaft is a shaft that contains a row of pointed cams in order to convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion.Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), [1] [2] mechanically controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers.
One of the first practical VVT systems used a variator to change the phase [note 1] of the camshaft and valves. This simple system cannot change the duration of the valve opening, or their lift. [note 2] Later VVT systems, such as the helical camshaft or the movable fulcrum systems, could change these factors too. Despite this limitation, the ...
The air which is expelled fills the manifold with higher pressure, and on subsequent intake strokes the air which is taken in is at a higher pressure. Late intake valve closing has been shown to reduce pumping losses by 40% during partial load conditions, and to decrease nitric oxide emissions by 24%. Peak engine torque showed only a 1% decline ...
Roller chain and sprocket The sketch of roller chain, Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Atlanticus. Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines, printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.
The SRT-4 has a cast-aluminum 8-row Valeo intercooler mounted in the front, and the reverse-rotation Mitsubishi TD04LR-16Gk turbocharger has a 6 cm 2 (1 sq in) turbine inlet. The turbocharger compressor housing features a built-in bypass valve, and the turbo housing is cast into the exhaust manifold with a loop-around flow pattern.
The valves are typically operated by a camshaft rotating at half the speed of the crankshaft. It has a series of cams along its length, each designed to open a valve during the appropriate part of an intake or exhaust stroke. A tappet between valve and cam is a contact surface on which the cam slides to open the valve. Many engines use one or ...