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The field of systems biology investigates the complex networks of interactions within an organism, usually using computational tools and modeling. [80] For example, a phage genome that enters into a bacterial host cell may express hundreds of phage proteins which will affect the expression of numerous host genes or the host's metabolism. All of ...
Another way of envisioning phage "organismal" ecology is that it is the study of phage adaptations that contribute to phage survival and transmission to new hosts or environments. Phage "organismal" ecology is the most closely aligned of phage ecology disciplines with the classical molecular and molecular genetic analyses of bacteriophage.
For example, strains could be evolved under conditions of high temperatures to observe the molecular changes that facilitate survival and reproduction under those conditions. The reader should be aware that numerous phage experimental adaptations were performed in the early decades of phage study.
During 1962-1964 phage T4 researchers provided an opportunity to study the function of virtually all of the genes that are essential for growth of the phage under laboratory conditions. [43] [44] These studies were facilitated by the discovery of two classes of conditional lethal mutants. One class of such mutants is known as amber mutants. [45]
Total phage representation in the virome is higher in individuals with Cardiovascular disease than healthy controls, totaling 63% and 18% respectively. [6] Lastly, researchers studying Colorectal cancer have observed increased richness in a variety of phage genera, with the most notable differences seen in Inovirus and Tunalikevirus. [13]
Temperate phages (such as lambda phage) can reproduce using both the lytic and the lysogenic cycle. [4] How a phage decides which cycle to enter depends on a variety of factors. [5] For instance, if there are several other infecting phages (or if there is a high multiplicity), it is likely that the phage will use the lysogenic cycle.
Another important area of interest is the control of prophage gene expression with many of the lysogenic conversion genes (gene conversion) being tightly regulated. [15] This process is capable of converting non-pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic bacteria that can now produce harmful toxins [15] such as in staph infections. Since the specific ...
In a 1945 study by Demerec and Fano, [4] T7 was used to describe one of the seven phage types (T1 to T7) that grow lytically on Escherichia coli. [5] Although all seven phages were numbered arbitrarily, phages with odd numbers, or T-odd phages, were later discovered to share morphological and biochemical features that distinguish them from T-even phages. [6]