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This is a complete list of estrogens and formulations that are approved by the FDA Tooltip Food and Drug Administration and available in the United States. Estrogens are used as hormonal contraceptives , in hormone replacement therapy , and in the treatment of gynecological disorders .
Oral progesterone is micronized (ground) to increase availability and is approved by the FDA to treat endometrial hyperplasia when used in opposition to estrogen. It has also been approved to relieve menopausal symptoms, either alone or in combination with estrogen. It is more reliable in treating menopausal sleep disorders than synthetic ...
[11] [131] There are, however, FDA approved products containing hormones classified as 'bioidentical'. [ 12 ] [ 9 ] Bioidentical hormones can be used in either pharmaceutical or compounded preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and regulatory oversight. [ 11 ]
Estetrol is a major estrogen in the body. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In contrast to estrone and estradiol, estetrol is a native estrogen of fetal life. Estetrol is produced exclusively by the fetal liver [ 1 ] and is found in detectable levels only during pregnancy, with relatively high levels in the fetus and lower levels in the maternal circulation.
The use of high-dose estrogen therapy in breast cancer has mostly been superseded by antiestrogen therapy due to the improved safety profile of the latter. [17] High-dose estrogen therapy was the standard of care for the palliative treatment of breast cancer in women up to the late 1970s or early 1980s. [18
Estetrol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Due to its estrogenic activity, estetrol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production and levels in both women and men.