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Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a group of genetic diseases seen in certain breeds of dogs and, more rarely, cats. Similar to retinitis pigmentosa in humans, [1] it is characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness.
Symptoms include sudden permanent blindness, but may occur more slowly over several days, weeks or months, [3] dilated pupils. Pupillary light reflexes are usually reduced but present; the slow phase mediated by melanopsin in retinal ganglion cells is retained.
Dog with bulging and clouded right eye. Glaucoma often goes unnoticed in dogs until it is in a more severe state. There are rarely any symptoms in the early stages of the disease so regular eye checks by qualified veterinary professionals are important. Dogs will sometimes rub the eye if it is painful.
Glaucoma in dogs is a painful condition caused by high pressure within the eye. Two types of glaucoma can affect our canine companions: primary and secondary. Glaucoma can lead to blindness if it ...
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Distichiae usually cause no symptoms because the lashes are soft, but they can irritate the eye and cause tearing, squinting, inflammation, and corneal ulcers. [63] Chalazion* is a granuloma that forms in the eyelid due to blocked secretions from the meibomian gland. Inflammation of the eyelid may result. [64]
The ptosis from inactivation of the superior tarsal muscle causes the eye to appear sunken in, but when actually measured, enophthalmos is not present. The phenomenon of enophthalmos is seen in Horner's syndrome in cats, rats, and dogs. [5] Sometimes there is flushing on the affected side of the face due to dilation of blood vessels under the skin.
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.