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The slope of phase 0 on the action potential waveform (see figure 2) represents the maximum rate of voltage change of the cardiac action potential and is known as dV/dt max. In pacemaker cells (e.g. sinoatrial node cells ), however, the increase in membrane voltage is mainly due to activation of L-type calcium channels.
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The cardiovascular examination is a portion of the physical examination that involves evaluation of the cardiovascular system. The exact contents of the examination will vary depending on the presenting complaint but a complete examination will involve the heart (cardiac examination), lungs (pulmonary examination), belly (abdominal examination) and the blood vessels (peripheral vascular ...
The cardiac action potential has five phases. I to1 is active during phase 1, causing a fast repolarization of the action potential. The cardiac transient outward potassium current (referred to as I to1 or I to [1]) is one of the ion currents across the cell membrane of heart muscle cells.
Generally, if portions of cardiac wall are receiving less blood than normal, coronary angiography is indicated; then, lesions are identified and inform a decision to undergo PCI or CABG. [ 6 ] CABG is generally preferred over PCI when there is a significant burden of plaque on the coronary arteries, that is extensive and complex, due to ...
The parts of the mnemonic are: Onset of the event What the patient was doing when it started (active, inactive, stressed, etc.), whether the patient believes that activity prompted the pain, [2] and whether the onset was sudden, gradual or part of an ongoing chronic problem.
A cardiac stress test is a cardiological examination that evaluates the cardiovascular system's response to external stress within a controlled clinical setting. This stress response can be induced through physical exercise (usually a treadmill) or intravenous pharmacological stimulation of heart rate.
Image showing the cardiac pacemaker or SA node, the primary pacemaker within the electrical conduction system of the heart The cardiac pacemaker is the heart 's natural rhythm generator. It employs pacemaker cells that produce electrical impulses, known as cardiac action potentials , which control the rate of contraction of the cardiac muscle ...