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Raw flour can contain harmful bacteria such as E. coli and needs to be cooked like other foods. [1] Normal processing of flour from which the outer layers have been removed (white flour) removes nutrients. Such flours, and breads made from them, may be fortified by adding nutrients; this is required by law in the UK.
To produce refined (white) wheat flour, [4] grain is usually tempered, i.e. moisture added to the grain, before milling, to optimize milling efficiency.This softens the starchy "endosperm" portion of the wheat kernel, which will be separated out in the milling process to produce what is known to consumers as white flour.
Standard white flour is made up of milled endosperm, but whole wheat flour is comprised of all three parts. This makes for a nutty flavor and nutrient-rich flour. (Try it in Ree's mom's muffins .)
Flour roller mills were specifically designed to efficiently separate the bran and germ elements of the wheat kernel. What remains is the endosperm, generally referred to as white flour. White flour is often artificially enriched to restore some of the nutrition lost by separating out the bran and the germ elements.
3. Whole Wheat Flour. All flours are made from wheat kernels, which are separated into three components—the endosperm, germ and bran—during the milling process.
The healthiest flour has more vitamins and minerals and fewer calories than refined wheat and white flours. Try oat flour or chickpea flour for health benefits.
Examples of refined grains include white bread, white flour, corn grits and white rice. [2] Refined grains are milled which gives a finer texture and improved shelf life. [3] Because the outer parts of the grain are removed and used for animal feed and non-food use, refined grains have been described as less sustainable than whole grains. [4]
Enriched flour is flour with specific nutrients added to it. These nutrients include iron and B vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine). Calcium may also be supplemented. The purpose of enriching flour is to replenish the nutrients in the flour to match the nutritional status of the unrefined product.