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In general, Mott insulators occur when the repulsive Coulomb potential U is large enough to create an energy gap. One of the simplest theories of Mott insulators is the 1963 Hubbard model. The crossover from a metal to a Mott insulator as U is increased, can be predicted within the so-called dynamical mean field theory.
Having one electron per-site fills the lower band while the upper band remains empty, which suggests the system becomes an insulator. This interaction-driven insulating state is referred to as a Mott insulator. The Hubbard model is one simple model commonly used to describe metal-insulator transitions and the formation of a Mott insulator.
At zero temperature, the Bose–Hubbard model (in the absence of disorder) is in either a Mott insulating state at small /, or in a superfluid state at large /. [8] The Mott insulating phases are characterized by integer boson densities, by the existence of an energy gap for particle-hole excitations, and by zero compressibility .
2D Hubbard model. The t-J model is the Hubbard model for U >> t. In solid-state physics, the t-J model is a model first derived by Józef Spałek [1] to explain antiferromagnetic properties of Mott insulators, [2] taking into account experimental results about the strength of electron-electron repulsion in these materials.
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A comparison between charge-transfer and Mott-Hubbard insulator band structures: a cuprate vs a nickelate. Nonmetal due to charge transfer between atoms Charge-transfer insulators are a class of materials predicted to be conductors following conventional band theory , but which are in fact insulators due to a charge-transfer process.