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Weathering carbonation occurs in concrete when calcium compounds react with carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere and water (H 2 O) in the concrete pores. The reaction is as follows. First, through chemical weathering, CO 2 reacts with water in the concrete pores to form carbonic acid: CO 2 + H 2 O ⇌ H 2 CO 3
As the main energy-consuming and greenhouse-gas–emitting stage of cement manufacture, improvement of kiln efficiency has been the central concern of cement manufacturing technology. Emissions from cement kilns are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 2.5% of non-natural carbon emissions worldwide. [1]
The majority of carbon dioxide emissions in the manufacture of Portland cement (approximately 60%) are produced from the chemical decomposition of limestone to lime, an ingredient in Portland cement clinker. These emissions may be reduced by lowering the clinker content of cement.
Environmental concerns are the high energy consumption required to mine, manufacture, and transport the cement, and the related air pollution, including the release of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, dioxin, [citation needed] NO x, SO 2, and particulates. Production of portland cement contributes about 10% of world carbon dioxide emissions. [26]
The gas flow carries the fines into an integral air separator, which returns larger particles to the grinding path. The fine material is swept out in the exhaust gas and is captured by a cyclone before being pumped to storage. The remaining dusty gas is usually returned to the main kiln dust control equipment for cleaning.
The production of clinker, the main constituent of cement, is responsible for the bulk of the sector's greenhouse gas emissions, including both energy intensity and process emissions. [133] The cement industry is one of the three primary producers of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas – the other two being energy production and ...
Cement manufacture is a source of the following airborne contaminants: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. [3] Cement production releases carbon dioxide by sintering limestone or shells. It is also very energy-intensive, with the result that the cement industry is a large emitter of carbon ...
Flow diagram of direct air capture process using sodium hydroxide as the absorbent and including solvent regeneration An example of what Direct Air Capture could look like and how the process works. Direct air capture (DAC) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract carbon dioxide (CO 2) directly from the ambient air. [1]