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Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization .
Level 0 has a post spacing of approximately 900 meters. Level 1 has a post spacing of approximately 90 meters. Level 2 has a post spacing of approximately 30 meters. The precise spacing is defined by dividing the world into zones based on latitude, and is given in the following table:
Modern word processing packages and professional publishing software significantly reduce the river effect by adjusting also the spacing between characters. Additionally, these systems use advanced digital typography techniques such as automatically choosing among different glyphs for the same character and slightly stretching or shrinking the ...
Another cause of rivers is the close repetition of a long word or similar words at regular intervals, such as "maximization" with "minimization" or "optimization". Rivers occur because of a combination of the x-height of the typeface, the values assigned to the widths of various characters (whether the type appears broad or skinny), and the ...
Words must flow smoothly into lines. [6] For the second reason, the colour or “blackness” of the line looks better when it has close word-spacing, otherwise a widely-spaced line of text will appear grey. [5] Language can also be a factor that typographers would take into consideration for word spacing. [7]
Letter spacing, character spacing or tracking is an optically consistent typographical adjustment to the space between letters to change the visual density of a line or block of text. Letter spacing is distinct from kerning , which adjusts the spacing of particular pairs of adjacent characters such as "7."
In 2008, it modified its position on sentence spacing to the following: In an earlier era, writers using a typewriter commonly left two spaces after a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. Publications in the United States today usually have the same spacing after concluding punctuation marks as between words on the same line.