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Akhenaten (pronounced / ˌ æ k ə ˈ n ɑː t ən / listen ⓘ), [8] also spelled Akhenaton [3] [9] [10] or Echnaton [11] (Ancient Egyptian: ꜣḫ-n-jtn ʾŪḫə-nə-yātəy, pronounced [ˈʔuːχəʔ nə ˈjaːtəj] ⓘ, [12] [13] meaning 'Effective for the Aten'), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning c. 1353–1336 [3] or 1351–1334 BC, [4] the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
The Eighteenth Dynasty spanned the period from 1550/1549 to 1292 BC. This dynasty is also known as the Thutmoside Dynasty [1]: 156 ) for the four pharaohs named Thutmose. Several of Egypt's most famous pharaohs were from the Eighteenth Dynasty, including Tutankhamun, whose tomb was discovered by Howard Carter in 1922.
It was the most prosperous time for the Egyptian people and marked the peak of Egypt's power. [ 4 ] In 1845, the concept of a "New Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined by German scholar Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen ; the original definition would evolve significantly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. [ 5 ]
The Centuries of Darkness (1991) model by Peter James et al. "would move the end of the Egyptian New Kingdom from 1070 BC to around 825 BC", [23] and lower all earlier dates with it, due to miscalculations of the Third Intermediate Period. The New Chronology of David Rohl, as described in his Test of Time series.
Intermediate periods are red, orange, and yellow. Note that multiple dynasties could reign from different cities simultaneously in intermediate periods and at the end of the Middle Kingdom. Dynastic reigning times are often very approximate; the above uses the dates of the Egyptian dynasty list template.
The history of ancient Egypt spans the period from the early prehistoric settlements of the northern Nile valley to the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The pharaonic period, the period in which Egypt was ruled by a pharaoh, is dated from the 32nd century BC, when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, until the country fell under Macedonian rule in 332 BC.
The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. London: Thames & Hudson. Martin, Geoffrey Thorndike. 1991. A Bibliography of the Amarna Period and Its Aftermath: The Reigns of Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun, and Ay (c. 1350–1321 BC). London: Kegan Paul International. Murnane, William J. 1995. Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt.
List of governors of Roman Egypt (30 BC – 639 AD) List of rulers of Islamic Egypt (640–1517) List of Rashidun emirs (640–658) List of Umayyad wali (659–750) List of Abbasid governors, First Period (750–868) List of Tulunid emirs (868–905) List of Abbasid governors, Second Period (905–935) List of Ikhshidid emirs (935–969)