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Independent media refers to any media, such as television, newspapers, or Internet-based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests. The term has varied applications. Independence stands as a cornerstone principle within media policy and the freedom of the press, representing an "essentially contested concept ...
In mid-August 1861, four New York City newspapers (the New York Daily News, The Journal of Commerce, the Day Book and the New York Freeman’s Journal) were given a presentment by a U.S. Circuit Court grand jury for "frequently encouraging the rebels by expressions of sympathy and agreement".
The condition for news media to achieve this role is the peaceful environment of diversity of editorial ownership and free speech. White Paper No.57 claimed that real content diversity can only be attained by a pluralistically owned and independent editorial media whose production is founded on the principles of journalistic professionalism.
Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.
An important role which is often ascribed to the media is that of agenda-setter. Georgetown University professor Gary Wasserman describes this as "putting together an agenda of national priorities — what should be taken seriously, what lightly, what not at all". Wasserman calls this "the most important political function the media perform". [9]
The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media 9th ed. (1999), standard textbook; best place to start. Kotler, Johathan and Miles Beller. American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present. (2003) Kuypers, Jim A. Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States. (2014). ISBN 978-1442225930
It is also important to look at women in American politics and how they are portrayed in the media, as they are largely under represented in the news. "For example, Rakow and Kranich (1991), in their study of three network news programs, found that women were used as on camera sources only 15% of the time". [ 30 ]
Editorial independence is the absence of external control or influence on journalists, authors, or media organisations in general. It is tested if a newspaper runs articles that may be unpopular with its advertising clientele or critical of its commercial owners or the state.