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Terminology varies regionally. When used as field boundaries, dry stone structures are more commonly known as dykes in Scotland, where professional dry stone wall builders are referred to as 'dykers'. Dry stone walls are characteristic of upland areas of Britain and Ireland where rock outcrops naturally or large stones exist in quantity in the ...
Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and ...
Ashlar (/ ˈ æ ʃ l ər /) is a cut and dressed stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape. The term can also refer to a structure built from such stones. [1] Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, and is generally rectangular . It was described by Vitruvius as opus isodomum or trapezoidal.
Masonry walls have an endothermic effect of its hydrates, as in chemically bound water, unbound moisture from the concrete block, and the poured concrete if the hollow cores inside the blocks are filled. Masonry can withstand temperatures up to 1,000 °F (538 °C) and it can withstand direct exposure to fire for up to 4 hours.
Use of rubble in masonry: antonymous to ashlar masonry. Can be infill in an ashlar wall, used in cyclopean concrete, and other contexts. [4] The term is antonymous to "ashlar". Dry stone. Stone walls built without mortar, using the shape of the stones, compression, and friction for stability. [4]
Section of wall faced with dressed stone with rubble masonry fill The wall at Grave Circle A, Helladic cemetery of Mycenae, Greece, 16th century BCE Rubble masonry core of the unfinished Alai Minar in the Qutb complex, India, c. 1316 CE. Rubble masonry or rubble stone is rough, uneven building stone not laid in regular courses.
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Plinth: The bottom course of a wall. String course (Belt course or Band course): A decorative horizontal row of masonry, narrower than the other courses, that extends across the façade of a structure or wraps around decorative elements like columns. [1] [2] [4] Sill course: Stone masonry courses at the windowsill, projected out from the wall. [1]