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They set a limit on the anisotropy of the speed of light resulting from the Earth's motions of Δc/c ≈ 10 −15, where Δc is the difference between the speed of light in the x- and y-directions. [33] As of 2015, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δc/c ≈ 10 −18.
Albert Abraham Michelson (surname pronunciation anglicized as Michael-son; December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment.
The Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment (1925) is a modified version of the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Sagnac-Interferometer. It measured the Sagnac effect due to Earth's rotation , and thus tests the theories of special relativity and luminiferous ether along the rotating frame of Earth .
The effects of special relativity can phenomenologically be derived from the following three fundamental experiments: [8] Michelson–Morley experiment, by which the dependence of the speed of light on the direction of the measuring device can be tested. It establishes the relation between longitudinal and transverse lengths of moving bodies.
Michelson's final 1931 attempt to measure the speed of light in vacuum was interrupted by his death. Although his experiment was completed posthumously by F. G. Pease and F. Pearson, various factors militated against a measurement of highest accuracy, including an earthquake which disturbed the baseline measurement.
Albert Abraham Michelson (1913) and Quirino Majorana (1918/9) conducted interferometer experiments with resting sources and moving mirrors (and vice versa), and showed that there is no source dependence of light speed in air. Michelson's arrangement was designed to distinguish between three possible interactions of moving mirrors with light: (1 ...
Under the modern relativistic explanation the "apparent speed difference" of the aether explanation could only be a real difference in speed, thus we now expect the experiment to always be null. The Michelson-Morley is, therefore, a two-way speed of light experiment in the context of the modern perspective and Special relativity which now ...
Formation of fringes in a Michelson interferometer This photo shows the fringe pattern formed by the Michelson interferometer, using monochromatic light (sodium D lines). As shown in Fig. 3a and 3b, the observer has a direct view of mirror M 1 seen through the beam splitter, and sees a reflected image M' 2 of mirror M 2 .