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Stomatitis (mouth swelling) Liver failure; Pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs) Gastrointestinal bleeding; Pulmonary embolism; Myocardial ischaemia (lack of blood supply to the heart muscles) Speech disorders; Haemoglobin decrease; Proteinuria (protein in the urine; usually indicative of kidney damage)
As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitizing agent, [38] but it is considered a weak photosensitizing agent compared to other members of the 2-arylpropionic acid class. Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is an extremely rare cause of the autoimmune diseases Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The drug is an ingredient in several products sold as sleep aids, either alone or in combination with other ingredients such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) in Tylenol PM and ibuprofen in Advil PM. Diphenhydramine can cause minor psychological dependence. [28] Diphenhydramine has also been used as an anxiolytic. [29]
Advil is primarily a brand of ibuprofen (a pain reliever in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug category). [1] Advil has been called a "megabrand" because it offers various "products for a wide range of pain, head cold, and sleep problems."
According to the Food and Drug Administration, 14 percent of people prescribed antidepressants experience some level of dry mouth, compared to nine percent of people who take a placebo.
Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45. [5] The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75. [5]
Common adverse drug reactions (ADR), other than listed above, include: raised liver enzymes, headache, dizziness. [17] Uncommon ADRs include an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, confusion, spasm of the airways, and rash. [17] Ibuprofen may also rarely cause irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.
Xerostomia is the subjective sensation of dry mouth, which is often (but not always) associated with hypofunction of the salivary glands. [3] The term is derived from the Greek words ξηρός (xeros) meaning "dry" and στόμα (stoma) meaning "mouth". [4] [5] A drug or substance that increases the rate of salivary flow is termed a sialogogue.