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An estimated 600,000 [154] to more than 1 million, [154] or up to 1.5 million [155] [156] [157] people were killed. In 1915 the Ottoman government and Kurdish tribes in the region started the extermination of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the deaths of up to 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian genocide.
The Ottomans were also forced to evacuate the parts of the former Russian Empire in the Caucasus (in present-day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan), which they had gained towards the end of World War I, following Russia's retreat from the war with the Russian Revolution in 1917.
The Urfa Man statue is dated c. 9000 BC, to the period of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and is defined as "the oldest known naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human". [11] Anatolia's historical records start with clay tablets from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day Kültepe. [12]
The experienced Karesi warriors were incorporated into the Ottoman military, and were a valuable asset in subsequent campaigns into the Balkans. [54] Orhan married Theodora, the daughter of Byzantine prince John VI Cantacuzenus. In 1346 Orhan openly supported John VI in the overthrowing of the emperor John V Palaeologus.
The Ottoman Archives are a collection of historical sources related to the Ottoman Empire and a total of 39 nations whose territories one time or the other were part of this Empire, including 19 nations in the Middle East, 11 in the EU and Balkans, three in the Caucasus, two in Central Asia, Cyprus, as well as Palestine and the Republic of Turkey.
The Ottoman Empire: Resources – University of Michigan; The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline; World Civilizations: The Ottomans A comprehensive site that covers much about the Ottoman state and government; Ottoman History Podcast An internet radio broadcast dedicated to the history, culture and society of the Ottoman Empire and Middle East
Ottoman society was divided into two major classes. The askeri was the ruling class, while the reaya, or “the flock,” was composed of the lower classes. The reaya included craftsmen and merchants in urban areas; however, the largest social group in the Ottoman Empire were rural farmers. [27]
By 1914, all colonial powers had realized that Islam could become a powerful tool for anti-colonial resistance; established colonial powers such as Britain and France were cautious of the presence of many Muslim subjects, [33] ostensibly under the religious influence of the Ottoman caliph, [15] as threats to their colonies. [33]