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Hypophosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is a low level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. [ 1 ] Complications may include seizures , coma , rhabdomyolysis , or softening of the bones .
The diagnosis of hyperphosphatemia is made through measuring the concentration of phosphate in the blood. A phosphate concentration greater than 1.46 mmol/L (4.5 mg/dL) is indicative of hyperphosphatemia, though further tests may be needed to identify the underlying cause of the elevated phosphate levels. [5]
In general, lower levels of enzyme activity correlate with more severe symptoms. The decrease in ALP activity leads to an increase in pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP), which is the major form of Vitamin B6, in the blood, although tissue levels of Vitamin B6 may be unremarkable [30] and correlates with disease severity. [31]
Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels ... Needed for nerve cells, red blood cells, and to make DNA ... Phosphorus: inorganic, adult
In biological systems, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (inorganic phosphate) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted P i and at physiological (homeostatic) pH primarily consists of a mixture of [HPO 4] 2− and [H 2 PO 4] − ions.
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. [6] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these. [44]
Depletion of inorganic phosphate within the cell is required for activation of the Pho regulon in most prokaryotes.In the most commonly studied bacterium, E. coli, seven total proteins are used to detect intracellular levels of inorganic phosphate along with transfusing that signal appropriately. [2]
Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P i (inorganic phosphate), whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of ADP, each yielding ATP. [7] The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm, the viscous fluid that fills living cells, where the glycolytic reactions take place. [1]