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Karst hydrology emerged as a discipline in the late 1950s and the early 1960s in France. Previously, the activities of cave explorers, called speleologists, had been dismissed as more of a sport than a science and so the underground karst caves and their associated watercourses were, from a scientific perspective, understudied. [18]
Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite, but also in gypsum. [1] It has also been documented for weathering -resistant rocks, such as quartzite , given the right conditions. [ 2 ]
A solutional cave, solution cave, or karst cave is a cave usually formed in a soluble rock like limestone (Calcium carbonate CaCO 3). It is the most frequently occurring type of cave. It is the most frequently occurring type of cave.
A polje, also called karst polje or karst field, [1] [2] [3] is a large flat plain found in karstic geological regions of the world, with areas usually in the range of 5–400 km 2 (2–154 sq mi). The name derives from the Slavic languages , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] where polje literally means 'field', whereas in English polje specifically refers to a ...
However, the increasing body of literature and data collected on karst on all continents, and the global insight that climate ought to be considered as an essential genetic factor in all karst analysis, [4] raised growing concern that this definition may be unsatisfactory.
Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone; Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes; Mushroom rock – Naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom; Natural arch – Arch-shaped natural rock formation
The Dobra River enters a 17 km long cave system at Đulin ponor [] in Ogulin, Croatia.. A ponor is a natural opening where surface water enters into underground passages; they may be found in karst landscapes where the geology and the geomorphology is typically dominated by porous limestone rock.
Glaciokarst is a geological term that refers to a specific type of karst landscape that has been influenced significantly by past glacial activity. [1] Karst landscapes consist of distinctive surface and subsurface landforms. These landforms are a result of the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone, gypsum or dolomite by water. [2]