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Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains: one constant (C L) domain; one variable domain (V L) that is important for binding antigen; The approximate length of a light chain protein is from 211 to 217 amino acids. [3] The constant region determines what class (kappa or lambda) the light chain is. [8]
Abnormal free light chain production has also been reported to be prognostic of a worse outcome in multiple myeloma [36] [37] [38] and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. [39] An abnormal light-chain ratio has been defined as a kappa to lambda chain ratio of less than 0.26 or more than 1.65. [32]
Disordered plasma cells with a monoclonal protein product (immunoglobulin light chains) are confirmed in AL amyloidosis using serum or urine protein electrophoresis, immunoglobulin free light-chain assays or identification of lambda or kappa restricted plasma cells on a bone marrow biopsy. [4]
Protein L binding is restricted to those antibodies that contain kappa light chains. In humans and mice, most antibody molecules contain kappa (κ) light chains and the remainder have lambda (λ) light chains. Protein L is only effective in binding certain subtypes of kappa light chains.
Chimeric antibodies are composed of murine variable regions fused onto human constant regions. Taking human gene sequences from the kappa light chain and the IgG1 heavy chain results in antibodies that are approximately 65% human. This reduces immunogenicity, and thus increases serum half-life. [citation needed]
High-resolution electrophoresis and serum and urine immunofixation are recommended to help identify and characterize the monoclonal IgM paraprotein. The light chain of the monoclonal protein is usually the kappa light chain. At times, patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia may exhibit more than one M protein. Plasma viscosity must be ...
Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22–24 kDa. [1] Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma , [ 2 ] or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia .
n/a Ensembl ENSG00000211592 n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 88.86 – 88.86 Mb n/a PubMed search n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Immunoglobulin kappa constant, also known as IGKC, is a human gene that encodes the constant domain of kappa-type light chains for antibodies. It is found on chromosome 2, in humans, within the Immunoglobulin ...