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  2. Coulomb's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

    This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force. [2] Although the law was known earlier, it was first published in 1785 by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb .

  3. Orders of magnitude (charge) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(charge)

    Two like charges, each of 1 C, placed one meter apart, would experience a repulsive force of approximately 9 × 10 9 N [9] 3.16 × 10 0 C: Supercapacitor for real-time clock (RTC) [10] (1F x 3.6V) 10 1: deca-(daC) 2.6 × 10 1 C: Charge in a typical thundercloud (15–350 C) [11] 10 3: kilo-(kC) 5 × 10 3 C: Typical alkaline AA battery is about ...

  4. Effective nuclear charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge

    In atomic physics, the effective nuclear charge of an electron in a multi-electron atom or ion is the number of elementary charges an electron experiences by the nucleus. It is denoted by Z eff . The term "effective" is used because the shielding effect of negatively charged electrons prevent higher energy electrons from experiencing the full ...

  5. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    Electron therapy can treat such skin lesions as basal-cell carcinomas because an electron beam only penetrates to a limited depth before being absorbed, typically up to 5 cm for electron energies in the range 5–20 MeV. An electron beam can be used to supplement the treatment of areas that have been irradiated by X-rays. [182] [183]

  6. Electromagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

    The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.

  7. Electric potential energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potential_energy

    The electrostatic force F acting on a charge q can be written in terms of the electric field E as =, By definition, the change in electrostatic potential energy, U E , of a point charge q that has moved from the reference position r ref to position r in the presence of an electric field E is the negative of the work done by the electrostatic ...

  8. Electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment

    A dipole in such a uniform field may twist and oscillate, but receives no overall net force with no linear acceleration of the dipole. The dipole twists to align with the external field. However, in a non-uniform electric field a dipole may indeed receive a net force since the force on one end of the dipole no longer balances that on the other end.

  9. Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaufmann–Bucherer...

    [A 20] [A 21] [A 22] Lorentz summarized these efforts in 1915: [A 23] Later experiments [..] have confirmed the formula [..] for the transverse electromagnetic mass, so that, in all probability, the only objection that could be raised against the hypothesis of the deformable electron and the principle of relativity has now been removed.