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An anion-exchange reaction between chloride ions and the hydroxide anions contained in the lattice of some calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H), or related phases (C-A-S-H, AFm, AFt), is suspected to also contribute to the release of hydroxide anions into solution. The principle mechanism is schematically illustrated hereafter for C-A-H phases ...
A small percentage of owners of indoor arenas (for example, for horse riding) may apply magnesium chloride to sand or other "footing" materials to control dust. Although magnesium chloride used in an equestrian (horse) arena environment is generally referred to as a dust suppressant it is technically more accurate to consider it as a water ...
During the test, material from the test specimen that can pass through a No. 4 sieve is mixed with solutions of calcium chloride, formaldehyde and glycerin in a cylinder. The content is then left for sedimentation. After about 20 minutes, the level of clay suspension and the sand level is read on the cylinder scale.
Calcium chloride was sprayed on this road to prevent weathering, giving it a wet appearance even in dry weather. The second largest application of calcium chloride exploits its hygroscopic nature and the tackiness of its hydrates; calcium chloride is highly hygroscopic and its hydration is an exothermic process.
Calcium chloride is also used to reclaim alkali soils. CaCl 2 converts Na 2 CO 3 into NaCl precipitating CaCO 3. NaCl is drained off by leaching water. Calcium nitrate has a similar effect, with NaNO 3 in the leachate. Spent acid (HCl, H 2 SO 4, etc.) can also be used to reduce the excess Na 2 CO 3 in the soil/water.
Other common desiccants include activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves (typically, zeolites). Desiccants may also be categorized by their type, either I, II, III, IV, or V. These types are a function of the shape of the desiccant's moisture sorption isotherm. Alcohols and acetones are also dehydrating agents.
The solubility in water depends on the type of salt. Sodium chloride can be dissolved in cold water to a concentration of 357 g∙l −1. Not only solubility differs between salts but also the conductivity. When performing a Bresle method test, not only sodium chloride is dissolved but also all other salts present on the surface.
Aqueous lignosulfonate solutions are also widely used as a non-toxic dust suppression agent for unpaved road surfaces, where it is popularly, if erroneously, called "tree sap". Roads treated with lignosulfonates can be distinguished from those treated with calcium chloride by color: lignosulfonates give the road surface a dark grey color, while ...