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Battery electric vehicles operate solely in charge-depleting mode, and most plug-in hybrids operate in this mode at startup and switch to charge-sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER). Although there is no technically mandated minimum all ...
An example of plug-in hybrids that operate in blended mode while charge-depleting is the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid. Because the Prius plug-in operates as a series-parallel hybrid , the U.S. EPA estimated its EV range for blended operation on a combination of electricity (from a fully charged battery pack) and gasoline as 11 mi (18 km) until ...
All-electric range (AER) is the maximum driving range of an electric vehicle using only power from its on-board battery pack to traverse a given driving cycle.In the case of a Battery electric vehicle (BEV), it means the maximum range per recharge, typically between 150 and 400 miles. [1]
The Worldwide Harmonised Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) [1] is a global driving cycle standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO 2 emission standards and fuel consumption of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid automobiles, as well as the all-electric range of plug-in electric vehicles.
At high demand in charge sustaining mode, the motor output stays high to build up a charge. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 7 ] However, by definition, the E-Flex transmission design makes it a parallel hybrid, as the planetary gearset which drives the wheels is coupled to both mechanical power (from the engine) and electrical power (from the motor), similar to ...
An electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt.Hence, it has a value of one volt, which is 1 J/C, multiplied by the elementary charge e = 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C. [2]
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
A charge cycle is the process of charging a rechargeable battery and discharging it as required into a load.The term is typically used to specify a battery's expected life, as the number of charge cycles affects life more than the mere passage of time.