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Because it measures the thickness of the bladder wall, it is useful in cases of recurrent Urinary tract infections. [13] One study found that, in contrast to simple recurrent UTIs, which typically have a bladder wall thickness of less than 3 mm, cystitis cystica is indicated by values of bladder wall thickness greater than 3 mm. [14]
The bladder (from Old English blædre 'bladder, blister, pimple') is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys. In placental mammals, urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra during urination. [1] [2] In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor.
Uroflowmetry: Free uroflowmetry measures how fast the patient can empty his/her bladder. Pressure uroflowmetry again measures the rate of voiding, but with simultaneous assessment of bladder and rectal pressures. It helps demonstrate the reasons for difficulty in voiding, for example bladder muscle weakness or obstruction of the bladder outflow.
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
Cystometry, also known as flow cystometry, is a clinical diagnostic procedure used to evaluate bladder function. Specifically, it measures contractile force of the bladder when voiding . The resulting chart generated from cystometric analysis is known as a cystometrogram (CMG), which plots intravesical pressure against the volume of fluid in ...
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[1] [2] Diagnosis is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating. [1] Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. [1] [3] Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. [1]
Normal urine pH is slightly acidic, with usual values of 6.0 to 7.5, but the normal range is 4.5 to 8.0. A urine pH of 8.5 or 9.0 is indicative of a urea-splitting organism, such as Proteus, Klebsiella, or Ureaplasma urealyticum; therefore, an asymptomatic patient with a high pH means UTI regardless of the other urine test results.