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Borderline ovarian tumours differ from epithelial ovarian cancer by their low incidence, frequent association with infertility, low association with mutations in BCRA genes, different percentages of the most common histological types, early stage diagnosis, and high survival rate, even when associated with peritoneal involvement.
Stromal invasion distinguishes borderline tumors from low grade malignant tumors. [3] Surgery is curative for benign tumors, and likely curative for other low grade tumors. Benign serous tumors include serous cystadenomas, cystadenofibromas, and adenofibromas. Benign and borderline serous tumours are commonly unilocular.
Ovarian serous cystadenoma is a non-cancerous type of tumor of the ovary. [1] It is typically larger than 1cm in diameter and presents with signs and symptoms of a growth in the pelvis, or is discovered when investigating something else. [2] A fifth occur in both ovaries at the same time. [2]
Tumor of the ovary vary remarkably as they may arise from any of the 3 cell types of the normal ovary. Ovarian tumors are classified according to the histology of the tumor, obtained in a pathology report. Histology dictates many aspects of clinical treatment, management, and prognosis. The most common forms are:
Ovarian endometrioid tumors are part of the surface epithelial tumor group of ovarian neoplasms (10–20% of which are the endometrioid type). Benign and borderline variants are rare, as the majority are malignant. There is an association with endometriosis and concurrent primary endometrial carcinoma (endometrial cancer).
Borderline and malignant mucinous tumors often have papillae and solid areas. There may also be hemorrhage and necrosis. Pathology sample of a mucinous tumor of the ovary. It is well documented that malignancy may be only focally present in mucinous neoplasms of the ovary, so thorough sampling is imperative.
Benign, borderline, and malignant types of serous tumors account for about 30% of all ovarian tumors. 75% are benign or of borderline malignancy, and 25% are malignant The malignant form of this tumor, serous cystadenocarcinoma , accounts for approximately 40% of all carcinomas of the ovary and are the most common malignant ovarian tumors.
90% are unilateral (arising in one ovary, the other is unaffected). The tumours can vary in size from less than 1 centimetre (0.39 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in). Borderline and malignant Brenner tumours are possible but each are rare.