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A phalera was a sculpted disk, usually made of gold, silver, bronze or glass, and worn on the breastplate during parades by Roman soldiers who had been awarded it as a kind of medal. [1] Roman military units could also be awarded phalerae for distinguished conduct in action. These awards were often mounted on the staffs of the unit's standards.
The plates in the lorica segmentata armor were made by overlapping ferrous plates that were then riveted to straps made from leather. [1] [4] [5] It is unknown what animal was used to make the leather and if it was tanned or tawed. [1] The plates were made of soft iron on the inside and rolled mild steel on the outside. [1]
Plates protecting the torso reappeared in the 1220s as plates directly attached to a knightly garment known as the surcoat. [2] [1] Around 1250 this developed into the coat of plates which continued to be in use for about a century. [3] [1] True breastplates reappear in Europe in 1340 first composed of wrought iron and later of steel.
Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes. The centurions, who made up the officer ranks, had decorations on their chest plates corresponding to modern medals, and the long cudgels that they carried. Examples of items of Roman military personal armour included: Galea or soldier's helmet.
Decimatio – a form of extreme military discipline used by officers in the Roman Army to punish mutinous or cowardly soldiers in exceptional cases. A cohort selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten; each group cast lots, and the soldier on whom the lot fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning or ...
The lower few plates were in some cases riveted together, rather than articulated on leather. One depiction appears to show a manica terminating in a hand shape. [26] The usual arm position depicted for Roman swordsmen is with the upper arm vertical and close to the torso, the forearm extended horizontally with the thumb uppermost.
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On the Alexander Sarcophagus and Alexander Mosaic, Alexander the Great and his soldiers wear this type of armour. Artists of the Roman imperial period rarely show this type of armour. The extant armour with this shape are made of iron plate, iron scales, or iron mail, and so the armour which decayed was likely made of more than one material.