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In continuum mechanics, the material derivative [1] [2] describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field. The material derivative can serve as a link between Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of continuum ...
The Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications of the kinematics and dynamics of the flow field are related by the material derivative (also called the Lagrangian derivative, convective derivative, substantial derivative, or particle derivative). [1] Suppose we have a flow field u, and we are also given a generic field with Eulerian specification F ...
This "special" derivative is in fact the ordinary derivative of a function of many variables along a path following the fluid motion; it may be derived through application of the chain rule in which all independent variables are checked for change along the path (which is to say, the total derivative). For example, the measurement of changes in ...
Finally, the energy equation: = can be further simplified in convective form by changing variable from specific energy to the specific entropy: in fact the first law of thermodynamics in local form can be written: = by substituting the material derivative of the internal energy, the energy equation becomes: + (+) = now the term between ...
The Navier–Stokes equations (/ n æ v ˈ j eɪ s t oʊ k s / nav-YAY STOHKS) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. They were named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and the Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes.
The vorticity equation of fluid dynamics describes the evolution of the vorticity ω of a particle of a fluid as it moves with its flow; that is, the local rotation of the fluid (in terms of vector calculus this is the curl of the flow velocity). The governing equation is:
For example, at the lambda point there is a sharp increase in heat capacity, as it is continued to be cooled, the heat capacity begins to decrease with temperature. [14] In addition, the thermal conductivity is very large, contributing to the excellent coolant properties of superfluid helium. [ 15 ]
As for any differential equation, boundary conditions [19] [20] [21] and initial conditions [22] are necessary for a unique solution. For example, even with no charges and no currents anywhere in spacetime, there are the obvious solutions for which E and B are zero or constant, but there are also non-trivial solutions corresponding to ...